DEFINATION OF INTERNET

THERE ARE SOME DEFINATION'S OF INTERNET,.

The Internet is .........

1>>   A group of computer networks are all over the world. It is the largest communications network ever conceived. Connected networks are made up of educational sites, commercial and government. Their networks can be done in any number of computers from two to infinity. Collection of sites on the Internet is a great source of information on the history of a network of electronic communications that connects computer networks and organizational computer facilities around the world .

2>> The Internet is an independent body that relies on voluntary contributions from supporters. Nobody in particular the establishment of the Website or contributions. One of the main features of the website, no central computer or control person directing traffic or information. Conventions and protocols used to allow system operations and functions of all the millions of users to control the Internet is a giant network .....

3>> It's  a composed of millions of computers. These computers are all connected by telephone lines, coaxial cable, satellites, fiber optic lines and wireless internet connection connection .......

4>> it's global network of computers. Every computer connected to the Internet, regardless of its location, is considered part of the network. This means that every time you access the Internet, you immediately have access to a virtually unlimited number of computers connected simultaneously with the world ....

5>>  internet is a networks of networks..

WHO IS THE FATHER OF INTERNET ??

INTERNET father or Founder is...
.

>>  "" Sir Timothy John "Tim" Berners-Lee ""..

HOW WORK INTERNET

The purpose of the Internet to inform, educate and entertain its users. By 1996, there were more than 25 million computers in over 180 countries online.

This number continues to grow exponentially each year degree. No more information available online, as can be found in the library the largest in the world. Functioning of the Internet to make use of the gate to enter. Once online, the data sent to and received by users on their Web addresses. The address is unique for each connection or port.

 There are two main types of addresses to use, what Internet Protocol address (IP) and the address above. An IP address is a decimal number that determines the routing information to the user, but difficult to remember and to interpret the IP addresses are translated into alphanumeric names domain naming.

At the address above include the type of organization, name of supplier and sources often special items being taken from (eg www.microsoft.com or www.uwashington.edu). The above address may indicate the country of origin, such as ca for Canada. Or. Uk for United Kingdom..

WHO WAS THE FIRST USER OF INTERNET

 Charley Kline at UCLA sent the first packet in the ARPANET as he tried to Stanford Research Institute on October 29, 1969. Fell when the failed system G in LOGIN...

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THE INTERNET

The Internet is the result of some visionary thinking by people in early 1960, with the greatest possible value to the computer later to exchange information on research and development in scientific and military fields. JCR Licklider of MIT, with the first proposal for a global network of computers in 1962, and moved on the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) in late 1962, work to develop it on the head. Leonard Little Rock MIT and later UCLA developed the theory of packet switch, which was the basis of Internet connections to form. Lawrence Roberts of MIT connected a Massachusetts computer with a California computer in 1965 over dial-up telephone lines. It has the possibility of wide area network, but also showed that the telephone line circuit switching was inadequate. The theory of packet switching Little Rock confirmed. Roberts was transferred to DARPA in 1966 and developed his plan for ARPANET. These visionaries and many more left unnamed here are the true founders of the Internet..

On the Internet, then known as ARPANET, was brought online in 1969 under a contract let by the renamed Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) which initially four major computers at universities in the southwestern U.S. (UCLA, Stanford Research Institute , UCSB, and University of Utah). The contract was carried out by BBN of Cambridge, MA under Bob Kahn and went online in December 1969. By June 1970,, MIT Harvard, BBN, and Systems Development Corp (SDC) in Santa Monica, Cal. added. By Jan 1971, Stanford, MIT Lincoln Labs was, Carnegie Mellon and Case Western Reserve U added. In coming months, NASA / Ames, Mitre, Burroughs, RAND, and Illinois were closed in. Then there was more to keep listing here..

The Internet was designed in part a communication network that will work even if some of the countries devastated by nuclear attacks too. As the most direct route is not available, routers would direct traffic around the network via alternate routes. Internet originally used by computer experts, engineers, scientists and librarians. 

There was nothing friendly about it. There was no home or office personal computers in those days, and someone using it, or a computer or a professional engineer or scientist or librarian, had to learn a very complex system to use ....... . ... E ............ mail was adapted for ARPANET by Ray Tomlinson of BBN in 1972. He picked up the @ symbol of the available characters in his name and address of the telex link. Telnet Protocol, so logging on to a remote computer, was known as a Request for Comments (RFC) in 1972. RFC are a means of sharing the work of community development. FTP protocol so that file transfers between sites, was published as an RFC in 1973, and from then on RFC were available electronically to anyone who uses the FTP protocol. Libraries began automating and networking their catalogs in the late 1960s independent from ARPA. Visionary Frederick G. Kilgour Center Ohio College Library (now OCLC, Inc.) led networking of libraries of Ohio, during the 60's and 70's.

 In the mid-1970s more regional consortia of New England, Southwest states and Middle Atlantic states, etc., along with Ohio, a national, later international network to form. Automated catalogs, not very friendly at first, became available in the world, first through telnet or hard IBM variant TN3270 and only many years later through the Internet. See History, Internet OCLC.. frost at 70 because of TCP / IP architecture first proposed by Bob Kahn at BBN and further developed by Kahn and Vint Cerf at Stanford and others in the 70's.

 It is through the Defense Department in 1980 replacing the earlier Network Control Protocol (NCP) and the universe

WHO CALLED INTERNET

A MEANS for a computer to any computer anywhere in the world using dedicated routers and servers. When two computers connect to the Internet, they can send and receive all sorts of information such as text, graphics, sound, video, and computer software. Nobody owns the Internet, although many organizations in the world to cooperate in the functioning and development.

With high-speed optical fiber cables (called columns) that the majority of internet travel information by telephone companies in their respective countries invaded. Wide Internet grew from Advanced Research Projects Agency Network Area (then called the ARPANET), established by the U.S. Department of Defense in 1960 for cooperation in military research between business and government labs. Later, universities and other institutions linked to the U.S..

 This led to ARPANET beyond everyone's expectations and took the name "internet". Developing hypertext-based technology (called the World Wide Web, WWW, or simply the Web) provided through text, graphics, and animations, and easily search and navigation tools as well as leading Internet explosive growth worldwide.

WHO MANAGE THE INTERNET

Internet Management Perhaps the least understood aspect of the Internet is its management. In recent years, this topic is the topic of intense interest and international trade, with several government and commercial organizations, and congressional hearing recently. The issue is how the Internet will be managed in the future, and in the process, monitoring mechanisms will ensure that public interest is served adequately. In the 1970s, managing the website was easy. Since few people knew about the Internet, almost all decisions about real policy concern in the office of DARPA. It became clear in late 1970, but that more community involvement in decision making is imperative. In 1979, DARPA established the Internet Configuration Control Board (ICCB) to ensure that community members technical knowledge to discuss critical issues, people educated outside of DARPA on the issues, and helped other TCP / IP protocols and gateway functions to perform . At that time, there was no company that offers turnkey solutions to get online.

It would be another five or so years before companies like Cisco Systems was formed, and while there were no computers, only stations available are specially constructed and their software was not configured for use in general with external networks, they certainly consider duration time. In 1983, the small group of about twelve members ICCB reconstituted (with some substitutions) as the Internet Activities Board (IAB), and about ten "Task Force" among their issues in specific technical areas to address. Participants in workshops Internet Group are invited many members of task forces as they wanted. Domain Name System Management provides a kind of microcosm of the issues are often associated with the overall management and operation of Internet evolution. Someone must take responsibility for overseeing the overall operation of the system.

 In particular, high-level domain names were chosen, together with persons or organizations, each of them to manage. Rules for assigning Internet addresses to be. DARPA had asked earlier in the late Jon Postel USC Information Sciences Institute to participate in various functions relating to the administration of names, addresses and protocol-related issues. Over time, Postel take further responsibilities in the area of ​​its total, and DARPA, which was sustained efforts, his silent approval. This activity is commonly referred to as the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) [xix]. At this time, Postel, the arbiter of all disputed issues of names and addresses of his untimely death in October 1998.

 It is useful to separately consider the problem of space management domain name and website address space. These two key elements of Internet architecture quite different characteristics of color management problems they produce. Domain names semantics that numbers should not mean, and therefore a means of determining who may use that particular need. As a result, speculators in Internet names often require a large number of them without the intent to use them, but it later sold. alternative resolution mechanisms [xx], if widely adopted, could significantly change the landscape here.

The rapid growth of the Internet has led to the drafting of a new address space and larger (known as IP version 6 address space), the Internet today uses IP version 4 [xxi]. However, there is little momentum to develop IPv6 widely deployed. Despite concerns to the contrary, the IPv4 address space is exhausted for a long time. Moreover, the use of Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP) is a dynamic IP address set to

THE INTERNET STANDERD PROCESS

Standards Internet Internet standards process execution time research activities sponsored by DARPA. Investigators increasingly leading online research effort largely determines the properties of TCP / IP protocols will be shared. Initial work in this area began with the joint effort of both authors continued Cerf's group at Stanford, and soon after joined his engineers and scientists at BBN and University College London.

This informal arrangement has changed over time and data can be found elsewhere [xviii]. Currently, Internet standards efforts directed mainly under the auspices of the Internet Society (ISOC). Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) working under the leadership of the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), the appointments are approved by the Internet Architecture Board (IAB), which is itself now part of the Internet Society populated. IETF consists of more than one hundred working groups, and managed by directors of the Area that specialize in specific categories.

There are other organizations with an interest in web standards or international standards on the Internet. Examples include the International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards group (ITU-T), International Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) local area network standards group (IEEE 801), International Organization for Standardization (ISO), American National Standards Institute ( ANSI), World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) and many others. As Internet access and services provided by existing media such as telephone cables and electronic interactions with standards bodies and legal structures are formed to deal with the media, one issue became increasingly complex.

 Combination of interests is also interesting and complex, and a growing need for careful collaboration between various interested parties.

Who runs the INTERNET

 Domain Name System, Internet developed as an experimental system during 1970 and 1980. It is flourishing in TCP / IP protocols are necessary for ARPANET and other networks in January 1983, standard protocols so many other networks. Indeed, the Internet has so rapidly that the existing mechanisms for associating the names of host computers (eg, UCLA, USC ISI) for Internet addresses (known as IP addresses), were about to be extended beyond acceptable engineering limits.

 Most of the applications on the Internet refers to target computers by name. These names must be translated into Internet addresses to lower-level protocols can be enabled to apply for assistance. For a time, a group at SRI International in Menlo Park, CA, called Network Information Center (NIC), has kept a list of simple, machine-readable names and Internet addresses that link was made available on the net. Internet hosts just want a copy of this list, usually daily, such as a local copy of the table to maintain. This list is known as file "host.txt" (because it was just a text file).

 List was in place on the internet that directory services (eg 411 or 703-555-1212) has the U.S. phone system - translating a name to an address. As the Internet grew, it became difficult for the NIC to keep the current list. Before this problem will only get worse, as the network expanded, researchers at USC Information Sciences Institute began with an attempt to create a broader way to ensure that information the same design. The end result was the Domain Name System (DNS) [xvi], which allowed hundreds of thousands of "name servers" small part of a global database of information to associate IP addresses with the names of computers on the Internet to maintain.

 Hierarchical structure name is in nature. For example, host computers connected to the educational institutions have names like "stanford.edu" or "ucla.edu. Hosts special must have names like" cs.ucla.edu "to refer to a computer in the computer science department of UCLA, for example. A set of computers called "root servers" to store information about the names and addresses of other servers containing more detailed name / address associations.

 designers of DNS also has developed seven generic " high-level "domains, as follows: 

   -Education

 - EDU Government

 - Military Government

 - International MIL 

- INT Network

 - NET (non-profit) Organization

 - Commercial ORG 

 - COM

INTERNET ARCHITECTURE

Its authors created architecture for connecting independent networks into seamless whole to federal, without any of the major networks. This was the advent of the Internet as we know it today. To work properly, the architecture of the global mechanism for responding (or Internet address) of computers in the network can invoke and communicate with computers on another network in the Federation. Internet addresses fill essentially the same role as telephone numbers in telephone networks. The design of the Internet is supposed first that the networks can not be changed, new architectural requirements for accommodation, but this is largely a pragmatic acceptance to facilitate progress. Networks have varying degrees of reliability and speed. Host computers will need to be able to upset packages to sit back in the right order and discard duplicate packets generated on the road. It was a big change from the virtual circuit similar services provided by the ARPANET and then this commercial network data services Tymnet and Telenet. In these networks, core network responsible for keeping all information is accurate and retransmission of information that could be lost. Computers Internet design, which are responsible for this trend to network problems. Basic architectural construction, introduction of portals (now called routers) between the networks of other treatments such as different bandwidth, packet sizes, error conditions and your requirements. The port will verify addresses Internet destination of each packet the door to what must be sent to fix. These functions will be combined with certain characteristics, end-end reliable communications production from source to destination. Draft paper the authors describe this approach was given at a meeting of the International Network Working Group in 1973 in Sussex, England and the final report was subsequently published by the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, the leading professional association for electrical engineering profession in its transactions Communications May, 1974 [VII]. The document describes the TCP / IP protocol. DARPA contracted with Cerf is a group at Stanford for a first working draft of the software TCP and soon after, with BBN and University College London independent implementation of the TCP-building (as they were called - was later split into TCP and IP) for different machines. BBN has a contract with a prototype version of the port to build. These three places in the development and testing of the initial reports on different machines. Cerf, then a professor at Stanford, provided the day to day leadership in the initial TCP software design and testing. BBN deployment of gateways between the ARPANET and PRNET and Satnet. During this period, including the overall management Cannes is DARPA, the initial feasibility of the architecture of the Internet proved.

Evolution of the INTERNET.

 the foundation of the Internet is composed of global communications to hundreds of thousands of otherwise independent computers, the subjects of communication and information systems.

What this correlation is possible using a set of communication standards, procedures and formats in common between the networks and different devices and computer facilities related thereto. Procedures that computers communicate with each other are called "protocols." While this infrastructure is continuously developing new capabilities to include, initially, used by Internet protocols called "TCP / IP protocols, named after the two main protocols that formed the basis for the functioning of the Internet. On top of this infrastructure is a group developing architectural concepts and data structures for heterogeneous information systems that deliver the Internet a truly global system of information. In essence, the Internet is an architecture, although many people confuse it with its implementation.

When Internet is seen as an architecture, it manifests two different abstractions. Another attraction is about communications connectivity, packet delivery and a variety of end-end communication services. Other agreements of abstraction with the Internet as an information system, regardless account of its basic infrastructure of communication that can create, store and access a wide range of information sources, including digital objects and related services at different levels of abstraction. interconnecting computer is a digital problem itself. The process Computers and digital information exchange, which means they use a discrete mathematics "binary" or "double value" language of 1s and 0s. For communication purposes, such information is completely continuous electrical or optical waveforms. Use digital signal regeneration recovery accurate and reliable basic pieces. We use "computer" terms, "computer resources" and "account" not only traditional computing means, but digital devices in a network management, a information such as mobile applications and other computer skills. phone network operators began with hand phones linked together through "patch panels" adopted patch cords for each phone line and electrical connect them together by the panel of acting, in fact, like a switch.

The result was called circuit switching, because its conclusion, an electrical circuit is made between the phone and calling the phone call. Conventional circuit switching, which is designed to handle phone calls are inappropriate for connecting computers, because it makes limited use of telecommunications facilities and time to set up links. Although highly reliable voice communication, network, circuit-switched voice is rich problems delivering digital information without errors. For digital communications, packet switching is a better choice because it is much better suited to the typical "burst" style communications computers. computers communicate usually send short but intense bursts of data, then stay silent for a while before sending the next burst. These bars are communicated as packets, as well as electronic postcards. postcards, in fact, packets are passed from computer to computer until they reach their destination .

Computers particular broadcast are not working include the name "packet switching" or "routers" and is the equivalent of many bucket brigades voltage continents and oceans, while buckets of electronic postcards from one computer to another. Together these routers and communication links between them form the foundation of the Internet. Without packet switching, the Internet would not exist as we know it today. Return to the postcard analogy..